Fourth in a series; first is here.
[Epistemic status: speculative. This is more an exploration than an explanation. I am basically trying to get my thoughts together on the subject. Any comments would be quite valuable!]So the question is, do condensed plasmoids actually condense in the sense of a superconductor? Also, why does it matter? The conductivity of a plasma is generally cited as about that of copper, anyway. The runaway pinch effect is well noted under the name of "sausage instability," and is also noted for causing floods of neutrons if there is deuterium in the plasma mixture. Note that the referenced paper (from 1960!) goes on to say, "Subsequent to the blowup of the instability, the plasma-field configuration is such that the accelerated deuterons can continue to circulate in stable orbits until lost by neutron-producing collisions or by diffusion out of the ends of the geometry."
In more recent times, there has been a lot of work on fusion in plasmas, and specifically using ζ-pinch effects in various geometries. There have been numerous, in-depth studies, e.g. here and here, simulating the electromagnetodynamics of them. That being the case, why haven't plasmoids been more generally predicted, recognized, and experimented with?
One obvious explanation is that no one is looking for them. Existing theories of superconductivity, such as BCS, do not predict that it can happen in plasmas. Plasmas are hot and superconductors are cold. The dynamics of a superconductor are that electrons, which are fermions (which must occupy different states), can pair off into coordinated states that allow a pair of them, called a Cooper pair, to act enough like bosons, which can occupy the same state and thus "condense" into a collective entity which has drastically different properties from the electrons acting individually. But in standard theory, Cooper pairs rely on an attractive force that arises from phonons in the solid crystal structure of the superconductor. (Popular explanations of this are at best misleading, showing electrons as localized points which cause an attractive bunching in the lattice, which then attracts the other electron. But in actuality the electrons are delocalized and are required to have equal and opposite momenta, acting in concert (see above).)
The ζ-pinch itself is nothing more than an attractive magnetic force between (moving) electrons. Although it is beyond my level to sit down and write up a Schrödinger (or Dirac?) equation and Hamiltonian that would be the equivalent to a Cooper pair, it seems like something that might be worth looking into. The result would not be a classic BCS superconductor: it's too hot, not in a solid lattice, depends on rather than excluding magnetic fields, depends on rather than breaking down with large currents, etc ad nauseum. But who knows?
Those are the main reasons not to expect condensed plasmoids to superconduct. The reasons to expect that they might are:
- Persistence. If a CP is in fact a microscopic current loop carrying kiloamps, it should have a high resistance (due to conducting channel width) even at the resistivity of copper, and a huge I^2R energy dissipation if R is anything other than 0. But they can last for hours.
- Quiescence. CPs can "go dark" and hide in cracks, crystal boundaries, and microscopic craters without emiting any energy, only to break up with a bang when conditions change.
- Downconversion of fusion energies. Dicke proposed the name "superradiance" for one-to-many quantum energy transfer 7 decades ago. It has recently been demonstrated, and there are no better theories I am aware of to explain the absence of high-energy nuclear reaction products in experiments. This phenomenon explicitly depends on coherence. See this talk for the latest.
To expand on the last point above, the idea is that in a quantum mechanically described interaction, it is possible to move a dollop of energy, even a large dollop, from one configuration of quantum states to another if various other things are right. Highly oversimplified, if you are fusing deuterium, each fusion gives you a helium nucleus and 24 MeV, which is way way too much to lodge in any individual particle. But if you have a coherent current of 24 million electrons which is a single coherent quantum object, you're only trying to bump each electron up by 1 eV, which doesn't seem like all that much!